Магическое мышление

[wayter]

Статья в "Психологии сегодня" (англ.)

Магическое мышление: вера, что предметы могут быть священными или  
"проклятыми"; при помощи умственных усилий можно управлять материальными объектами; ритуалы приносят удачу и тому подобное.

Авторы утверждают, что крайние формы магического мышления сродни
шизофрении. С другой стороны, полное отсутствие магического мышления это нездоровое состояние ума. Полное отсутствие магического мышления связывается с неспособностью испытывать удовольствие. Шизофреник видит смысл во всем (особенность магического мышления), а люди, испытывающие депрессию в гораздо меньшей степени обнаруживают смысл в происходящем. (Связано с уровнем допамина в крови). Способность видеть связи, аспект магического мышления, помогает творчеству.

То есть все хорошо в меру. Чрезмерное присутствие качеств магического мышления делает восприятие болезненным, шизофреническим, а полное отсутствие, тотальный скепсис - тоже болезненным, хотя и по-другому: унылым и нетворческим.

Magical thinking can be plotted on a spectrum, with skeptics at one end and schizophrenics at the other. People who endorse magical ideation, ranging from the innocuous (occasional fear of stepping on sidewalk cracks) to the outlandish (TV broadcasters know when you're watching), are more likely to have psychosis or develop it later in their lives. People who suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder also exhibit elevated levels of paranoia, perceptual disturbances, and magical thinking, particularly "thought-action fusion," the belief that your negative thoughts can cause harm. These people are compelled to carry out repetitive tasks to counteract their intrusive thoughts about unlocked doors or loved ones getting cancer. But more magical thinking does not necessarily mean more emotional problems—what counts is whether such thinking interferes with everyday functioning.

You wouldn't want to be at the skeptic end of the spectrum anyway. "To be totally 'unmagical' is very unhealthy," says Peter Brugger, head of neuropsychology at University Hospital Zurich. He has data, for example, strongly linking lack of magical ideation to anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure. "Students who are 'not magical' don't typically enjoy going to parties and so on," he says. He's also found that there's a key chemical involved in magical thinking. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter that the brain uses to tag experiences as meaningful, floods the brains of schizophrenics, who see significance in everything, but merely trickles in many depressives, who struggle to find value in everyday life. In one experiment, paranormal believers (who are high in dopamine) were more prone than nonbelievers to spot nonexistent faces when looking at jumbled images and also were less likely to miss the faces when they really were there. Everyone spotted more faces when given dopamine-boosting drugs. Brugger argues that the ability to see patterns and make loose associations enhances creativity and also serves a practical function: "If you're on the grassland, it's always better to assume that a tiger is there."